Fix typo

mnexec should check and attach to the proper root fs either
using mount namespaces or chroot.

.travis.yml

@@ -4,32 +4,28 @@ sudo: required
 matrix:
   include:
     - dist: trusty
-      python: 2.7
-      env: dist="14.04 LTS trusty"
-    - dist: trusty
-      python: 3.6
       env: dist="14.04 LTS trusty"
+#    - dist: xenial
+#      env: dist="16.04 LTS xenial"
+# Travis-CI only proposes 14.04 LTS Trusty and there is no plan to update to 16.04 xenial
+# (c.f. https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-ci/issues/5821)
+# It is useless to add a second job because it will run in the same Ubuntu version (14.04)
 
 before_install:
 - sudo apt-get update -qq
 - sudo apt-get install -qq vlan
-- PYTHON=`which python` util/install.sh -n
+- sudo util/install.sh -n
 
 install:
 - bash -c "if [ `lsb_release -rs` == '14.04' ]; then make codecheck; fi"
-- pip install pexpect || pip3 install pexpect
-- util/install.sh -nfvw
+- sudo util/install.sh -fnvw
 
 script:
-- alias sudo="sudo env PATH=$PATH"
-- export PYTHON=`which python`
-- echo 'px import sys; print(sys.version_info)' | sudo $PYTHON bin/mn -v output
-- sudo $PYTHON bin/mn --test pingall
-- sudo $PYTHON mininet/test/runner.py -v -quick
-- sudo $PYTHON examples/test/runner.py -v -quick
+- sudo mn --test pingall
+- sudo python mininet/test/runner.py -v -quick
+- sudo python examples/test/runner.py -v -quick
 
 notifications:
   email:
     on_success: never
-
-# More details: https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/notifications
+# More details: https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/notifications#Configuring-email-notifications

INSTALL

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 Mininet Installation/Configuration Notes
 ----------------------------------------
 
-Mininet 2.3.0d3
+Mininet 2.3.0d1
 ---
 
 The supported installation methods for Mininet are 1) using a

LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-Mininet 2.3.0d3 License
+Mininet 2.3.0d1 License
 
-Copyright (c) 2013-2018 Open Networking Laboratory
+Copyright (c) 2013-2016 Open Networking Laboratory
 Copyright (c) 2009-2012 Bob Lantz and The Board of Trustees of
 The Leland Stanford Junior University
 

Makefile

@@ -2,16 +2,14 @@ MININET = mininet/*.py
 TEST = mininet/test/*.py
 EXAMPLES = mininet/examples/*.py
 MN = bin/mn
-PYTHON ?= python
-PYMN = $(PYTHON) -B bin/mn
+PYMN = python -B bin/mn
 BIN = $(MN)
 PYSRC = $(MININET) $(TEST) $(EXAMPLES) $(BIN)
 MNEXEC = mnexec
 MANPAGES = mn.1 mnexec.1
 P8IGN = E251,E201,E302,E202,E126,E127,E203,E226
-PREFIX ?= /usr
-BINDIR ?= $(PREFIX)/bin
-MANDIR ?= $(PREFIX)/share/man/man1
+BINDIR = /usr/bin
+MANDIR = /usr/share/man/man1
 DOCDIRS = doc/html doc/latex
 PDF = doc/latex/refman.pdf
 
@@ -48,20 +46,16 @@ slowtest: $(MININET)
 mnexec: mnexec.c $(MN) mininet/net.py
 	cc $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -DVERSION=\"`PYTHONPATH=. $(PYMN) --version`\" $< -o $@
 
-install-mnexec: $(MNEXEC)
-	install -D $(MNEXEC) $(BINDIR)/$(MNEXEC)
-
-install-manpages: $(MANPAGES)
-	install -D -t $(MANDIR) $(MANPAGES)
-
-install: install-mnexec install-manpages
-	$(PYTHON) setup.py install
+install: $(MNEXEC) $(MANPAGES)
+	install $(MNEXEC) $(BINDIR)
+	install $(MANPAGES) $(MANDIR)
+	python setup.py install
 
 develop: $(MNEXEC) $(MANPAGES)
 # 	Perhaps we should link these as well
 	install $(MNEXEC) $(BINDIR)
 	install $(MANPAGES) $(MANDIR)
-	$(PYTHON) setup.py develop
+	python setup.py develop
 
 man: $(MANPAGES)
 

README.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Mininet: Rapid Prototyping for Software Defined Networks
 ========================================================
 *The best way to emulate almost any network on your laptop!*
 
-Mininet 2.3.0d3
+Mininet 2.3.0d1
 
 [![Build Status][1]](https://travis-ci.org/mininet/mininet)
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ hard work that Mininet continues to grow and improve.
 Best wishes, and we look forward to seeing what you can do with
 Mininet to change the networking world!
 
-Bob Lantz
+Bob Lantz  
 Mininet Core Team
 
 [1]: https://travis-ci.org/mininet/mininet.svg?branch=master

bin/mn

@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ from mininet.node import ( Host, CPULimitedHost, Controller, OVSController,
                            DefaultController, NullController,
                            UserSwitch, OVSSwitch, OVSBridge,
                            IVSSwitch )
-from mininet.nodelib import LinuxBridge
+from mininet.nodelib import LinuxBridge, Server
 from mininet.link import Link, TCLink, TCULink, OVSLink
 from mininet.topo import ( SingleSwitchTopo, LinearTopo,
                            SingleSwitchReversedTopo, MinimalTopo )
-from mininet.topolib import TreeTopo, TorusTopo
+import mininet.topolib
 from mininet.util import customClass, specialClass, splitArgs
 from mininet.util import buildTopo
 
@@ -53,9 +53,8 @@ TOPODEF = 'minimal'
 TOPOS = { 'minimal': MinimalTopo,
           'linear': LinearTopo,
           'reversed': SingleSwitchReversedTopo,
-          'single': SingleSwitchTopo,
-          'tree': TreeTopo,
-          'torus': TorusTopo }
+          'single': SingleSwitchTopo }
+TOPOS.update( mininet.topolib.topos)
 
 SWITCHDEF = 'default'
 SWITCHES = { 'user': UserSwitch,
@@ -69,6 +68,7 @@ SWITCHES = { 'user': UserSwitch,
 
 HOSTDEF = 'proc'
 HOSTS = { 'proc': Host,
+          'server': Server,
           'rt': specialClass( CPULimitedHost, defaults=dict( sched='rt' ) ),
           'cfs': specialClass( CPULimitedHost, defaults=dict( sched='cfs' ) ) }
 
@@ -186,10 +186,8 @@ class MininetRunner( object ):
         for fileName in files:
             customs = {}
             if os.path.isfile( fileName ):
-                # pylint: disable=exec-used
-                exec( compile( open( fileName ).read(), fileName, 'exec' ),
-                      customs, customs )
-                for name, val in customs.items():
+                execfile( fileName, customs, customs )
+                for name, val in customs.iteritems():
                     self.setCustom( name, val )
             else:
                 raise Exception( 'could not find custom file: %s' % fileName )
@@ -258,7 +256,7 @@ class MininetRunner( object ):
         opts.add_option( '--arp', action='store_true',
                          default=False, help='set all-pairs ARP entries' )
         opts.add_option( '--verbosity', '-v', type='choice',
-                         choices=list( LEVELS.keys() ), default = 'info',
+                         choices=LEVELS.keys(), default = 'info',
                          help = '|'.join( LEVELS.keys() )  )
         opts.add_option( '--innamespace', action='store_true',
                          default=False, help='sw and ctrl in namespace?' )
@@ -288,7 +286,7 @@ class MininetRunner( object ):
                          metavar='server1,server2...',
                          help=( 'run on multiple servers (experimental!)' ) )
         opts.add_option( '--placement', type='choice',
-                         choices=list( PLACEMENT.keys() ), default='block',
+                         choices=PLACEMENT.keys(), default='block',
                          metavar='block|random',
                          help=( 'node placement for --cluster '
                                 '(experimental!) ' ) )

examples/cluster.py

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class ClusterCleanup( object ):
     def cleanup( cls ):
         "Clean up"
         info( '*** Cleaning up cluster\n' )
-        for server, user in cls.serveruser.items():
+        for server, user in cls.serveruser.iteritems():
             if server == 'localhost':
                 # Handled by mininet.clean.cleanup()
                 continue
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class RemoteMixin( object ):
                 '-o', 'ForwardAgent=yes', '-tt' ]
 
     def __init__( self, name, server='localhost', user=None, serverIP=None,
-                  controlPath=False, splitInit=False, **kwargs):
+                  controlPath=True, splitInit=False, **kwargs):
         """Instantiate a remote node
            name: name of remote node
            server: remote server (optional)
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class RemoteMixin( object ):
     def startShell( self, *args, **kwargs ):
         "Start a shell process for running commands"
         if self.isRemote:
-            kwargs.update( mnopts='-c' )
+            kwargs.update( mnopts='-cp' )
         super( RemoteMixin, self ).startShell( *args, **kwargs )
         # Optional split initialization
         self.sendCmd( 'echo $$' )
@@ -386,7 +386,8 @@ class RemoteLink( Link ):
         if server1 == server2:
             # Link within same server
             return Link.makeIntfPair( intfname1, intfname2, addr1, addr2,
-                                      node1, node2, deleteIntfs=deleteIntfs )
+                                      node1, node2, deleteIntfs=deleteIntfs,
+                                      runCmd=None )
         # Otherwise, make a tunnel
         self.tunnel = self.makeTunnel( node1, node2, intfname1, intfname2,
                                        addr1, addr2 )
@@ -844,10 +845,13 @@ class MininetCluster( Mininet ):
         "Patch to update IP address to global IP address"
         controller = Mininet.addController( self, *args, **kwargs )
         # Update IP address for controller that may not be local
-        if ( isinstance( controller, Controller)
-             and controller.IP() == '127.0.0.1'
-             and ' eth0:' in controller.cmd( 'ip link show' ) ):
-            Intf( 'eth0', node=controller ).updateIP()
+        if ( isinstance( controller, Controller )
+             and controller.IP() == '127.0.0.1' ):
+            links = controller.cmd( 'ip link show' )
+            eth0 = re.findall( ' (.*eth0):', links )
+            if not eth0:
+                raise Exception( 'Cannot find IP address for controller eth0' )
+            Intf( eth0[ 0 ], node=controller ).updateIP()
         return controller
 
     def buildFromTopo( self, *args, **kwargs ):

examples/controlnet.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class MininetFacade( object ):
            args: unnamed networks passed as arguments
            kwargs: named networks passed as arguments"""
         self.net = net
-        self.nets = [ net ] + list( args ) + list( kwargs.values() )
+        self.nets = [ net ] + list( args ) + kwargs.values()
         self.nameToNet = kwargs
         self.nameToNet['net'] = net
 

examples/cpu.py

@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ rate includes buffering.
 from mininet.net import Mininet
 from mininet.node import CPULimitedHost
 from mininet.topolib import TreeTopo
-from mininet.util import custom, waitListening, decode
+from mininet.util import custom, waitListening
 from mininet.log import setLogLevel, info
-from mininet.clean import cleanup
+
 
 def bwtest( cpuLimits, period_us=100000, seconds=10 ):
     """Example/test of link and CPU bandwidth limits
@@ -55,8 +55,7 @@ def bwtest( cpuLimits, period_us=100000, seconds=10 ):
                 net = Mininet( topo=topo, host=host )
             # pylint: disable=bare-except
             except:
-                info( '*** Skipping scheduler %s and cleaning up\n' % sched )
-                cleanup()
+                info( '*** Skipping scheduler %s\n' % sched )
                 break
             net.start()
             net.pingAll()
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ def bwtest( cpuLimits, period_us=100000, seconds=10 ):
             # ignore empty result from waitListening/telnet
             popen.stdout.readline()
             client.cmd( 'iperf -yc -t %s -c %s' % ( seconds, server.IP() ) )
-            result = decode( popen.stdout.readline() ).split( ',' )
+            result = popen.stdout.readline().split( ',' )
             bps = float( result[ -1 ] )
             popen.terminate()
             net.stop()

examples/fakecluster.py

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+
+"""
+fakecluster.py: a fake cluster for testing Mininet cluster edition!!!
+
+We are going to self-host Mininet by creating a virtual cluster
+for cluster edition.
+
+Note: ssh is kind of a mess - you end up having to do things
+like h1 sudo -E -u openflow ssh 10.2
+"""
+
+from mininet.net import Mininet
+from mininet.nodelib import LinuxBridge, Server
+from mininet.cli import CLI
+from mininet.topo import Topo, SingleSwitchTopo
+from mininet.log import setLogLevel, warn
+from mininet.util import errRun, quietRun
+from mininet.link import Link
+
+from functools import partial
+from sys import argv
+
+class MininetServer( Server ):
+    "A server (for nested Mininet) that runs ssh and ovs"
+
+    privateDirs = [ '/var/run/sshd', '/etc/openvswitch',
+                    '/var/run/openvswitch', '/var/log/openvswitch' ]
+
+    def __init__( self, *args, **kwargs ):
+        "Turn on ovs by default"
+        kwargs.setdefault( 'ovs', True )
+        super( MininetServer, self ).__init__( *args, **kwargs )
+
+    def config( self, **kwargs ):
+        """Configure/start sshd and other stuff
+           ovs: start Open vSwitch?"""
+        self.ovs = kwargs.get( 'ovs' )
+        super( MininetServer, self ).config( **kwargs )
+        if self.ovs:
+            self.service( 'openvswitch-switch start' )
+
+    def terminate( self, *args, **kwargs ):
+        "Shut down services and terminate server"
+        if self.ovs:
+            self.service( 'openvswitch-switch stop' )
+        super( MininetServer, self ).terminate( *args, **kwargs )
+
+
+class ServerLink( Link ):
+    def intfName( self, node, n ):
+        "Override to avoid destruction by cleanup!"
+        # This is kind of ugly... for some reason 'eth0' fails so
+        # we just use 'm1eth0'; however, this should nest reasonably.
+        return ( node.name + 'eth' + repr( n ) if isinstance( node, Server )
+                 else node.name + '-eth' + repr( n ) )
+    def makeIntfPair( self, *args, **kwargs ):
+        "Override to use quietRun"
+        kwargs.update( runCmd=quietRun )
+        super( ServerLink, self ).makeIntfPair( *args, **kwargs )
+
+class ClusterTopo( Topo ):
+    "Cluster topology: m1..mN"
+    def build( self, n ):
+        ms1 = self.addSwitch( 'ms1' )
+        for i in range( 1, n + 1 ):
+            h = self.addHost( 'm%d' % i )
+            self.addLink( h, ms1, cls=ServerLink )
+
+
+def test( serverCount ):
+    "Test this setup"
+    setLogLevel( 'info' )
+    topo = ClusterTopo( serverCount )
+    host = partial( MininetServer, ssh=True, ovs=True)
+    net = Mininet( topo=topo, host=host, switch=LinuxBridge, ipBase='10.0/24' )
+    MininetServer.updateHostsFiles( net.hosts )
+    # addNAT().configDefault() also connects root namespace to Mininet
+    net.addNAT().configDefault()
+    net.start()
+    CLI( net )
+    net.stop()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    n = 8 if len( argv ) != 2 else int( argv[ 1 ] )
+    test( n )

examples/miniedit.py

@@ -20,39 +20,24 @@ OpenFlow icon from https://www.opennetworking.org/
 
 MINIEDIT_VERSION = '2.2.0.1'
 
-import sys
 from optparse import OptionParser
+# from Tkinter import *
+from Tkinter import ( Frame, Label, LabelFrame, Entry, OptionMenu, Checkbutton,
+                      Menu, Toplevel, Button, BitmapImage, PhotoImage, Canvas,
+                      Scrollbar, Wm, TclError, StringVar, IntVar,
+                      E, W, EW, NW, Y, VERTICAL, SOLID, CENTER,
+                      RIGHT, LEFT, BOTH, TRUE, FALSE )
+from ttk import Notebook
+from tkMessageBox import showerror
 from subprocess import call
-
-# pylint: disable=import-error
-if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
-    from Tkinter import ( Frame, Label, LabelFrame, Entry, OptionMenu,
-                          Checkbutton, Menu, Toplevel, Button, BitmapImage,
-                          PhotoImage, Canvas, Scrollbar, Wm, TclError,
-                          StringVar, IntVar, E, W, EW, NW, Y, VERTICAL, SOLID,
-                          CENTER, RIGHT, LEFT, BOTH, TRUE, FALSE )
-    from ttk import Notebook
-    from tkMessageBox import showerror
-    import tkFont
-    import tkFileDialog
-    import tkSimpleDialog
-else:
-    from tkinter import ( Frame, Label, LabelFrame, Entry, OptionMenu,
-                          Checkbutton, Menu, Toplevel, Button, BitmapImage,
-                          PhotoImage, Canvas, Scrollbar, Wm, TclError,
-                          StringVar, IntVar, E, W, EW, NW, Y, VERTICAL, SOLID,
-                          CENTER, RIGHT, LEFT, BOTH, TRUE, FALSE )
-    from tkinter.ttk import Notebook
-    from tkinter.messagebox import showerror
-    from tkinter import font as tkFont
-    from tkinter import simpledialog as tkSimpleDialog
-    from tkinter import filedialog as tkFileDialog
-# pylint: enable=import-error
-
+import tkFont
+import tkFileDialog
+import tkSimpleDialog
 import re
 import json
 from distutils.version import StrictVersion
 import os
+import sys
 from functools import partial
 
 if 'PYTHONPATH' in os.environ:
@@ -1423,7 +1408,7 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
     def convertJsonUnicode(self, text):
         "Some part of Mininet don't like Unicode"
         if isinstance(text, dict):
-            return {self.convertJsonUnicode(key): self.convertJsonUnicode(value) for key, value in text.items()}
+            return {self.convertJsonUnicode(key): self.convertJsonUnicode(value) for key, value in text.iteritems()}
         elif isinstance(text, list):
             return [self.convertJsonUnicode(element) for element in text]
         elif isinstance(text, unicode):
@@ -1850,7 +1835,7 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
 
             # Save Links
             f.write("    info( '*** Add links\\n')\n")
-            for key,linkDetail in self.links.items():
+            for key,linkDetail in self.links.iteritems():
                 tags = self.canvas.gettags(key)
                 if 'data' in tags:
                     optsExist = False
@@ -2890,7 +2875,7 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
     def buildLinks( self, net):
         # Make links
         info( "Getting Links.\n" )
-        for key,link in self.links.items():
+        for key,link in self.links.iteritems():
             tags = self.canvas.gettags(key)
             if 'data' in tags:
                 src=link['src']
@@ -3226,7 +3211,7 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         customs = {}
         if os.path.isfile( fileName ):
             execfile( fileName, customs, customs )
-            for name, val in customs.items():
+            for name, val in customs.iteritems():
                 self.setCustom( name, val )
         else:
             raise Exception( 'could not find custom file: %s' % fileName )

examples/multiping.py

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def multiping( netsize, chunksize, seconds):
 
     # Create network and identify subnets
     topo = SingleSwitchTopo( netsize )
-    net = Mininet( topo=topo, waitConnected=True )
+    net = Mininet( topo=topo )
     net.start()
     hosts = net.hosts
     subnets = chunks( hosts, chunksize )

examples/multipoll.py

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ monitoring them
 from mininet.topo import SingleSwitchTopo
 from mininet.net import Mininet
 from mininet.log import info, setLogLevel
-from mininet.util import decode
 
 from time import time
 from select import poll, POLLIN
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ def monitorFiles( outfiles, seconds, timeoutms ):
     "Monitor set of files and return [(host, line)...]"
     devnull = open( '/dev/null', 'w' )
     tails, fdToFile, fdToHost = {}, {}, {}
-    for h, outfile in outfiles.items():
+    for h, outfile in outfiles.iteritems():
         tail = Popen( [ 'tail', '-f', outfile ],
                       stdout=PIPE, stderr=devnull )
         fd = tail.stdout.fileno()
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ def monitorFiles( outfiles, seconds, timeoutms ):
                 host = fdToHost[ fd ]
                 # Wait for a line of output
                 line = f.readline().strip()
-                yield host, decode( line )
+                yield host, line
         else:
             # If we timed out, return nothing
             yield None, ''

examples/test/test_baresshd.py

@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@ Tests for baresshd.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 from mininet.clean import cleanup, sh
-from sys import stdout
 
 class testBareSSHD( unittest.TestCase ):
 
@@ -15,9 +14,7 @@ class testBareSSHD( unittest.TestCase ):
 
     def connected( self ):
         "Log into ssh server, check banner, then exit"
-        p = pexpect.spawn( 'ssh 10.0.0.1 -o ConnectTimeout=1 '
-                           '-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no '
-                           '-i /tmp/ssh/test_rsa exit' )
+        p = pexpect.spawn( 'ssh 10.0.0.1 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -i /tmp/ssh/test_rsa exit' )
         while True:
             index = p.expect( self.opts )
             if index == 0:
@@ -25,7 +22,6 @@ class testBareSSHD( unittest.TestCase ):
             else:
                 return False
 
-
     def setUp( self ):
         # verify that sshd is not running
         self.assertFalse( self.connected() )
@@ -59,7 +55,7 @@ class testBareSSHD( unittest.TestCase ):
 
     def tearDown( self ):
         # kill the ssh process
-        sh( "ps aux | grep ssh |grep Banner| awk '{ print $2 }' | xargs kill" )
+        sh( "ps aux | grep 'ssh.*Banner' | awk '{ print $2 }' | xargs kill" )
         cleanup()
         # remove public key pair
         sh( 'rm -rf /tmp/ssh' )

examples/test/test_bind.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Tests for bind.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class testBind( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_clusterSanity.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ A simple sanity check test for cluster edition
 '''
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class clusterSanityCheck( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_controllers.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Tests for controllers.py and controllers2.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class testControllers( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_controlnet.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for controlnet.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class testControlNet( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_cpu.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ cfs	10%	1.29e+09
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 import sys
 
 class testCPU( unittest.TestCase ):

examples/test/test_emptynet.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for emptynet.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class testEmptyNet( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_hwintf.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Test for hwintf.py
 import unittest
 import re
 
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 from mininet.log import setLogLevel
 from mininet.node import Node

examples/test/test_intfoptions.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for intfOptions.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 import sys
 
 class testIntfOptions( unittest.TestCase ):

examples/test/test_limit.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for limit.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 import sys
 
 class testLimit( unittest.TestCase ):

examples/test/test_linearbandwidth.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for linearbandwidth.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 import sys
 
 class testLinearBandwidth( unittest.TestCase ):

examples/test/test_linuxrouter.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for linuxrouter.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 from mininet.util import quietRun
 
 class testLinuxRouter( unittest.TestCase ):

examples/test/test_multilink.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ validates mininet interfaces against systems interfaces
 '''
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class testMultiLink( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_multiping.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for multiping.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 from collections import defaultdict
 
 class testMultiPing( unittest.TestCase ):
@@ -31,20 +31,18 @@ class testMultiPing( unittest.TestCase ):
                 target = p.match.group(3)
                 received = int( p.match.group(4) )
                 if target == '10.0.0.200':
-                    self.assertEqual( received, 0, p.match.group(0) + '\n' +
-                                      target + ' received %d != 0 packets' % received )
+                    self.assertEqual( received, 0 )
                 else:
-                    self.assertEqual( received, 1, p.match.group(0) + '\n' +
-                                      target + ' received %d != 1 packets' % received )
+                    self.assertEqual( received, 1 )
                 try:
                     pings[ name ].remove( target )
                 except:
                     pass
             else:
                 break
-        self.assertTrue( len( pings ) > 0, 'too few pings' )
+        self.assertTrue( len( pings ) > 0 )
         for t in pings.values():
-            self.assertEqual( len( t ), 0, 'missed ping target(s): %s' % t )
+            self.assertEqual( len( t ), 0 )
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()

examples/test/test_multipoll.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for multipoll.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class testMultiPoll( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_multitest.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for multitest.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class testMultiTest( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_nat.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for nat.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 from mininet.util import quietRun
 
 destIP = '8.8.8.8' # Google DNS

examples/test/test_natnet.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for natnet.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 from mininet.util import quietRun
 
 class testNATNet( unittest.TestCase ):

examples/test/test_numberedports.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for numberedports.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 from collections import defaultdict
 from mininet.node import OVSSwitch
 

examples/test/test_popen.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for popen.py and popenpoll.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class testPopen( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_scratchnet.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for scratchnet.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 
 class testScratchNet( unittest.TestCase ):
 

examples/test/test_simpleperf.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for simpleperf.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 import sys
 from mininet.log import setLogLevel
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class testSimplePerf( unittest.TestCase ):
         "Run the example and verify iperf results"
         # 10 Mb/s, plus or minus 20% tolerance
         BW = 10
-        TOLERANCE = .2
+	TOLERANCE = .2 
         p = pexpect.spawn( 'python -m mininet.examples.simpleperf testmode' )
         # check iperf results
         p.expect( "Results: \['10M', '([\d\.]+) .bits/sec", timeout=480 )

examples/test/test_sshd.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for sshd.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 from mininet.clean import sh
 
 class testSSHD( unittest.TestCase ):

examples/test/test_tree1024.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for tree1024.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 import sys
 
 class testTree1024( unittest.TestCase ):

examples/test/test_treeping64.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for treeping64.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 import sys
 
 class testTreePing64( unittest.TestCase ):

examples/test/test_vlanhost.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Test for vlanhost.py
 """
 
 import unittest
-from mininet.util import pexpect
+import pexpect
 import sys
 from mininet.util import quietRun
 

mininet/clean.py

@@ -16,25 +16,24 @@ import time
 
 from mininet.log import info
 from mininet.term import cleanUpScreens
-from mininet.util import decode
+
 
 def sh( cmd ):
     "Print a command and send it to the shell"
     info( cmd + '\n' )
-    result = Popen( [ '/bin/sh', '-c', cmd ], stdout=PIPE ).communicate()[ 0 ]
-    return decode( result )
+    return Popen( [ '/bin/sh', '-c', cmd ], stdout=PIPE ).communicate()[ 0 ]
 
 def killprocs( pattern ):
     "Reliably terminate processes matching a pattern (including args)"
-    sh( 'pkill -9 -f %s' % pattern )
-    # Make sure they are gone
     while True:
         try:
-            pids = co( [ 'pgrep', '-f', pattern ] )
+            pids = co( [ 'pgrep', '-f', pattern ] ).split( '\n' )
         except CalledProcessError:
-            pids = ''
+            pids = []
+        # Don't kill init
+        pids = [ pid for pid in pids if pid and pid != '1' ]
         if pids:
-            sh( 'pkill -9 -f %s' % pattern )
+            sh( "kill -9 %s" % ' '.join( pids ) )
             time.sleep( .5 )
         else:
             break
@@ -77,6 +76,7 @@ class Cleanup( object ):
         for dp in dps:
             if dp:
                 sh( 'dpctl deldp ' + dp )
+
         info( "***  Removing OVS datapaths\n" )
         dps = sh("ovs-vsctl --timeout=1 list-br").strip().splitlines()
         if dps:

mininet/link.py

@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ Link: basic link class for creating veth pairs
 """
 
 from mininet.log import info, error, debug
-from mininet.util import makeIntfPair
+from mininet.util import makeIntfPair, quietRun
+import mininet.node
+
 import re
 
 class Intf( object ):
@@ -164,7 +166,7 @@ class Intf( object ):
            method: config method name
            param: arg=value (ignore if value=None)
            value may also be list or dict"""
-        name, value = list( param.items() )[ 0 ]
+        name, value = param.items()[ 0 ]
         f = getattr( self, method, None )
         if not f or value is None:
             return
@@ -285,7 +287,11 @@ class TCIntf( Intf ):
                    loss=None, max_queue_size=None ):
         "Internal method: return tc commands for delay and loss"
         cmds = []
-        if loss and ( loss < 0 or loss > 100 ):
+        if delay and delay < 0:
+            error( 'Negative delay', delay, '\n' )
+        elif jitter and jitter < 0:
+            error( 'Negative jitter', jitter, '\n' )
+        elif loss and ( loss < 0 or loss > 100 ):
             error( 'Bad loss percentage', loss, '%%\n' )
         else:
             # Delay/jitter/loss/max queue size
@@ -475,7 +481,8 @@ class Link( object ):
 
     @classmethod
     def makeIntfPair( cls, intfname1, intfname2, addr1=None, addr2=None,
-                      node1=None, node2=None, deleteIntfs=True ):
+                      node1=None, node2=None, deleteIntfs=True,
+                      runCmd=quietRun ):
         """Create pair of interfaces
            intfname1: name for interface 1
            intfname2: name for interface 2
@@ -488,7 +495,7 @@ class Link( object ):
         # Leave this as a class method for now
         assert cls
         return makeIntfPair( intfname1, intfname2, addr1, addr2, node1, node2,
-                             deleteIntfs=deleteIntfs )
+                             deleteIntfs=deleteIntfs, runCmd=runCmd )
 
     def delete( self ):
         "Delete this link"

mininet/moduledeps.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 "Module dependency utility functions for Mininet."
 
-from mininet.util import quietRun, BaseString
+from mininet.util import quietRun
 from mininet.log import info, error, debug
 from os import environ
 
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ def moduleDeps( subtract=None, add=None ):
        add: string or list of module names to add, if not already loaded"""
     subtract = subtract if subtract is not None else []
     add = add if add is not None else []
-    if isinstance( subtract, BaseString ):
+    if isinstance( subtract, basestring ):
         subtract = [ subtract ]
-    if isinstance( add, BaseString ):
+    if isinstance( add, basestring ):
         add = [ add ]
     for mod in subtract:
         if mod in lsmod():

mininet/net.py

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ method may be called to shut down the network.
 import os
 import re
 import select
-import signal
+from signal import SIGKILL
 import random
 
 from time import sleep
@@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ from mininet.nodelib import NAT
 from mininet.link import Link, Intf
 from mininet.util import ( quietRun, fixLimits, numCores, ensureRoot,
                            macColonHex, ipStr, ipParse, netParse, ipAdd,
-                           waitListening, BaseString )
+                           waitListening )
 from mininet.term import cleanUpScreens, makeTerms
 
 # Mininet version: should be consistent with README and LICENSE
-VERSION = "2.3.0d3"
+VERSION = "2.3.0d1"
 
 class Mininet( object ):
     "Network emulation with hosts spawned in network namespaces."
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class Mininet( object ):
             if not remaining:
                 info( '\n' )
                 return True
-            if timeout is not None and time > timeout:
+            if time > timeout and timeout is not None:
                 break
             sleep( delay )
             time += delay
@@ -383,8 +383,8 @@ class Mininet( object ):
             params: additional link params (optional)
             returns: link object"""
         # Accept node objects or names
-        node1 = node1 if not isinstance( node1, BaseString ) else self[ node1 ]
-        node2 = node2 if not isinstance( node2, BaseString ) else self[ node2 ]
+        node1 = node1 if not isinstance( node1, basestring ) else self[ node1 ]
+        node2 = node2 if not isinstance( node2, basestring ) else self[ node2 ]
         options = dict( params )
         # Port is optional
         if port1 is not None:
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ class Mininet( object ):
     def stopXterms( self ):
         "Kill each xterm."
         for term in self.terms:
-            os.kill( term.pid, signal.SIGKILL )
+            term.send_signal( SIGKILL )
         cleanUpScreens()
 
     def staticArp( self ):
@@ -549,8 +549,7 @@ class Mininet( object ):
             switch.start( self.controllers )
         started = {}
         for swclass, switches in groupby(
-                sorted( self.switches,
-                        key=lambda s: str( type( s ) ) ), type ):
+                sorted( self.switches, key=type ), type ):
             switches = tuple( switches )
             if hasattr( swclass, 'batchStartup' ):
                 success = swclass.batchStartup( switches )
@@ -577,8 +576,7 @@ class Mininet( object ):
         info( '*** Stopping %i switches\n' % len( self.switches ) )
         stopped = {}
         for swclass, switches in groupby(
-                sorted( self.switches,
-                        key=lambda s: str( type( s ) ) ), type ):
+                sorted( self.switches, key=type ), type ):
             switches = tuple( switches )
             if hasattr( swclass, 'batchShutdown' ):
                 success = swclass.batchShutdown( switches )

mininet/node.py

@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@ from time import sleep
 
 from mininet.log import info, error, warn, debug
 from mininet.util import ( quietRun, errRun, errFail, moveIntf, isShellBuiltin,
-                           numCores, retry, mountCgroups, BaseString, decode,
-                           encode, Python3 )
+                           numCores, retry, mountCgroups )
 from mininet.moduledeps import moduleDeps, pathCheck, TUN
 from mininet.link import Link, Intf, TCIntf, OVSIntf
 from re import findall
@@ -75,10 +74,11 @@ class Node( object ):
 
     portBase = 0  # Nodes always start with eth0/port0, even in OF 1.0
 
-    def __init__( self, name, inNamespace=True, **params ):
+    def __init__( self, name, **params ):
         """name: name of node
-           inNamespace: in network namespace?
+           ns: private namespaces to use ['net','mnt']
            privateDirs: list of private directory strings or tuples
+           overlayDirs: list of overlay directory strings or tuples
            params: Node parameters (see config() for details)"""
 
         # Make sure class actually works
@@ -86,10 +86,14 @@ class Node( object ):
 
         self.name = params.get( 'name', name )
         self.privateDirs = params.get( 'privateDirs', [] )
-        self.inNamespace = params.get( 'inNamespace', inNamespace )
+        self.overlayDirs = params.get( 'overlayDirs', [] )
 
-        # Python 3 complains if we don't wait for shell exit
-        self.waitExited = params.get( 'waitExited', Python3 )
+        # Support old inNamespace param
+        self.ns = params.get( 'ns', ( 'net', 'mnt' ) )
+        inNamespace = params.get( 'inNamespace', True )
+        if not inNamespace:
+            self.ns = []
+        self.inNamespace = 'net' in self.ns
 
         # Stash configuration parameters for future reference
         self.params = params
@@ -106,8 +110,9 @@ class Node( object ):
         self.waiting = False
         self.readbuf = ''
 
-        # Start command interpreter shell
+        # Start command interpreter shell and mount any local dirs
         self.startShell()
+        self.mountOverlayDirs()
         self.mountPrivateDirs()
 
     # File descriptor to node mapping support
@@ -124,33 +129,33 @@ class Node( object ):
         node = cls.outToNode.get( fd )
         return node or cls.inToNode.get( fd )
 
+    _marker = re.compile( chr( 1 ) + r'(\d+)\r\n' )
+
     # Command support via shell process in namespace
     def startShell( self, mnopts=None ):
         "Start a shell process for running commands"
         if self.shell:
             error( "%s: shell is already running\n" % self.name )
             return
-        # mnexec: (c)lose descriptors, (d)etach from tty,
-        # (p)rint pid, and run in (n)amespace
-        opts = '-cd' if mnopts is None else mnopts
-        if self.inNamespace:
-            opts += 'n'
+        # mnexec: (c)lose descriptors
+        # (p)rint pid, and run in (n)etwork and (m)ount namespace
+        opts = '-cdp' if mnopts is None else mnopts
+        # Handle additional namespaces if specified
+        nsmap = { 'pid': 'P', 'mnt': 'm', 'net': 'n', 'uts': 'u' }
+        chars = [ nsmap.get( ns, '' ) for ns in self.ns ]
+        opts += ''.join( chars )
         # bash -i: force interactive
         # -s: pass $* to shell, and make process easy to find in ps
         # prompt is set to sentinel chr( 127 )
         cmd = [ 'mnexec', opts, 'env', 'PS1=' + chr( 127 ),
-                'bash', '--norc', '--noediting',
-                '-is', 'mininet:' + self.name ]
-
+                'bash', '--norc', '-is', 'mininet:' + self.name ]
         # Spawn a shell subprocess in a pseudo-tty, to disable buffering
         # in the subprocess and insulate it from signals (e.g. SIGINT)
         # received by the parent
         master, slave = pty.openpty()
         self.shell = self._popen( cmd, stdin=slave, stdout=slave, stderr=slave,
                                   close_fds=False )
-        # XXX BL: This doesn't seem right, and we should also probably
-        # close our files when we exit...
-        self.stdin = os.fdopen( master, 'r' )
+        self.stdin = os.fdopen( master, 'rw' )
         self.stdout = self.stdin
         self.pid = self.shell.pid
         self.pollOut = select.poll()
@@ -165,19 +170,21 @@ class Node( object ):
         self.lastPid = None
         self.readbuf = ''
         # Wait for prompt
-        while True:
-            data = self.read( 1024 )
-            if data[ -1 ] == chr( 127 ):
-                break
-            self.pollOut.poll()
-        self.waiting = False
+        self.waiting = True
+        self.waitOutput()
+        if 'P' in opts:
+            assert self.lastPid is not None
+            self.pid = self.lastPid
         # +m: disable job control notification
-        self.cmd( 'unset HISTFILE; stty -echo; set +m' )
+        initcmd = 'unset HISTFILE; stty -echo; set +m'
+        if 'uts' in self.ns:
+            initcmd += '; hostname ' + self.name
+        self.cmd( initcmd )
 
     def mountPrivateDirs( self ):
-        "mount private directories"
+        "Mount private directories"
         # Avoid expanding a string into a list of chars
-        assert not isinstance( self.privateDirs, BaseString )
+        assert not isinstance( self.privateDirs, basestring )
         for directory in self.privateDirs:
             if isinstance( directory, tuple ):
                 # mount given private directory
@@ -193,22 +200,68 @@ class Node( object ):
                 self.cmd( 'mount -n -t tmpfs tmpfs %s' % directory )
 
     def unmountPrivateDirs( self ):
-        "mount private directories"
+        "Unmount private and overlay directories"
         for directory in self.privateDirs:
             if isinstance( directory, tuple ):
                 self.cmd( 'umount ', directory[ 0 ] )
             else:
                 self.cmd( 'umount ', directory )
 
+    # XXX We should make overlayDirs as consistent as possible
+    # with privateDirs.
+
+    def _overlayFrom( self, entry ):
+        "Helper function: return mountpaint, overlay, tmpfs from entry"
+        if type( entry ) is str:
+            # '/mountpoint'
+            mountpoint, overlay = entry, None
+        elif len( entry ) is 1:
+            # [ '/mountpoint' ]
+            mountpoint, overlay = entry[ 0 ], None
+        else:
+            # [ '/mountpoint', '/overlay' ]
+            mountpoint, overlay = entry
+        tmpfs = None if overlay else '/tmp/%s/%s' % ( self, mountpoint )
+        return mountpoint, overlay, tmpfs
+
+    def mountOverlayDirs( self ):
+        """Mount overlay directories. Overlay directories are similar
+            to private directories except they are copy-on-write copies
+            of directories in the host file system.
+            overlayDirs is of the form ((mountpoint,overlaydir), ...)
+            much like privateDirs. If overlaydir doesn't exist, we
+            mount a tmpfs at the specified mount point."""
+        # Avoid expanding a string into a list of chars
+        assert not isinstance( self.overlayDirs, basestring )
+        for entry in self.overlayDirs:
+            mountpoint, overlay, tmpfs  = self._overlayFrom( entry )
+            # Create tmpfs if overlay dir is not specified
+            if not overlay:
+                overlay = tmpfs
+                self.cmd( 'mkdir -p', overlay )
+                self.cmd( 'mount -t tmpfs tmpfs', overlay )
+            # Mount overlay dir at mount point
+            self.cmd( ( 'mount -t overlayfs -o upperdir=%s,lowerdir=%s'
+                       ' overlayfs %s' ) % ( overlay, mountpoint, mountpoint ) )
+
+    def unmountOverlayDirs( self ):
+        "Unmount overlay directories"
+        for entry in self.overlayDirs:
+            mountpoint, overlay, tmpfs = self._overlayFrom( entry )
+            # Unfortunately these umounts can fail if the mount point
+            # is in use, possibly leaving tmpfs garbage in the root
+            # mount namespace / file system
+            self.cmd( 'umount', mountpoint )
+            if not overlay:
+                self.cmd( 'umount', tmpfs )
+
     def _popen( self, cmd, **params ):
         """Internal method: spawn and return a process
             cmd: command to run (list)
             params: parameters to Popen()"""
         # Leave this is as an instance method for now
         assert self
-        popen = Popen( cmd, **params )
-        debug( '_popen', cmd, popen.pid )
-        return popen
+        return Popen( cmd, **params )
 
     def cleanup( self ):
         "Help python collect its garbage."
@@ -217,9 +270,6 @@ class Node( object ):
         # for intfName in self.intfNames():
         # if self.name in intfName:
         # quietRun( 'ip link del ' + intfName )
-        if self.waitExited and self.shell:
-            debug( 'waiting for', self.pid, 'to terminate\n' )
-            self.shell.wait()
         self.shell = None
 
     # Subshell I/O, commands and control
@@ -229,7 +279,7 @@ class Node( object ):
            maxbytes: maximum number of bytes to return"""
         count = len( self.readbuf )
         if count < maxbytes:
-            data = decode( os.read( self.stdout.fileno(), maxbytes - count ) )
+            data = os.read( self.stdout.fileno(), maxbytes - count )
             self.readbuf += data
         if maxbytes >= len( self.readbuf ):
             result = self.readbuf
@@ -253,14 +303,15 @@ class Node( object ):
     def write( self, data ):
         """Write data to node.
            data: string"""
-        os.write( self.stdin.fileno(), encode( data ) )
+        os.write( self.stdin.fileno(), data )
 
     def terminate( self ):
         "Send kill signal to Node and clean up after it."
         self.unmountPrivateDirs()
+        self.unmountOverlayDirs()
         if self.shell:
             if self.shell.poll() is None:
-                os.killpg( self.shell.pid, signal.SIGHUP )
+                os.killpg( self.pid, signal.SIGHUP )
         self.cleanup()
 
     def stop( self, deleteIntfs=False ):
@@ -307,10 +358,10 @@ class Node( object ):
         self.lastPid = None
         self.waiting = True
 
-    def sendInt( self, intr=chr( 3 ) ):
+    def sendInt( self, signal=signal.SIGINT ):
         "Interrupt running command."
-        debug( 'sendInt: writing chr(%d)\n' % ord( intr ) )
-        self.write( intr )
+        debug( "sending signal %d to pgrp %d" % ( signal, self.pid ) )
+        os.killpg( self.pid, signal )
 
     def monitor( self, timeoutms=None, findPid=True ):
         """Monitor and return the output of a command.
@@ -323,18 +374,18 @@ class Node( object ):
         data = self.read( 1024 )
         pidre = r'\[\d+\] \d+\r\n'
         # Look for PID
-        marker = chr( 1 ) + r'\d+\r\n'
         if findPid and chr( 1 ) in data:
             # suppress the job and PID of a backgrounded command
             if re.findall( pidre, data ):
                 data = re.sub( pidre, '', data )
             # Marker can be read in chunks; continue until all of it is read
-            while not re.findall( marker, data ):
+            while True:
+                markers = self._marker.findall( data )
+                if markers:
+                    self.lastPid = int( markers[ -1 ] )
+                    data = self._marker.sub( '', data )
+                    break
                 data += self.read( 1024 )
-            markers = re.findall( marker, data )
-            if markers:
-                self.lastPid = int( markers[ 0 ][ 1: ] )
-                data = re.sub( marker, '', data )
         # Look for sentinel/EOF
         if len( data ) > 0 and data[ -1 ] == chr( 127 ):
             self.waiting = False
@@ -383,23 +434,24 @@ class Node( object ):
                      'mncmd':
                      [ 'mnexec', '-da', str( self.pid ) ] }
         defaults.update( kwargs )
-        shell = defaults.pop( 'shell', False )
         if len( args ) == 1:
             if isinstance( args[ 0 ], list ):
                 # popen([cmd, arg1, arg2...])
                 cmd = args[ 0 ]
-            elif isinstance( args[ 0 ], BaseString ):
+            elif isinstance( args[ 0 ], basestring ):
                 # popen("cmd arg1 arg2...")
-                cmd = [ args[ 0 ] ] if shell else args[ 0 ].split()
+                cmd = args[ 0 ].split()
             else:
                 raise Exception( 'popen() requires a string or list' )
         elif len( args ) > 0:
             # popen( cmd, arg1, arg2... )
             cmd = list( args )
-        if shell:
-            cmd = [ os.environ[ 'SHELL' ], '-c' ] + [ ' '.join( cmd ) ]
         # Attach to our namespace  using mnexec -a
         cmd = defaults.pop( 'mncmd' ) + cmd
+        # Shell requires a string, not a list!
+        if defaults.get( 'shell', False ):
+            cmd = ' '.join( cmd )
+        debug( cmd, defaults )
         popen = self._popen( cmd, **defaults )
         return popen
 
@@ -411,7 +463,7 @@ class Node( object ):
         # Warning: this can fail with large numbers of fds!
         out, err = popen.communicate()
         exitcode = popen.wait()
-        return decode( out ), decode( err ), exitcode
+        return out, err, exitcode
 
     # Interface management, configuration, and routing
 
@@ -473,7 +525,7 @@ class Node( object ):
         """
         if not intf:
             return self.defaultIntf()
-        elif isinstance( intf, BaseString):
+        elif isinstance( intf, basestring):
             return self.nameToIntf[ intf ]
         else:
             return intf
@@ -500,7 +552,7 @@ class Node( object ):
         # explicitly so that we won't get errors if we run before they
         # have been removed by the kernel. Unfortunately this is very slow,
         # at least with Linux kernels before 2.6.33
-        for intf in list( self.intfs.values() ):
+        for intf in self.intfs.values():
             # Protect against deleting hardware interfaces
             if ( self.name in intf.name ) or ( not checkName ):
                 intf.delete()
@@ -525,7 +577,7 @@ class Node( object ):
         """Set the default route to go through intf.
            intf: Intf or {dev <intfname> via <gw-ip> ...}"""
         # Note setParam won't call us if intf is none
-        if isinstance( intf, BaseString ) and ' ' in intf:
+        if isinstance( intf, basestring ) and ' ' in intf:
             params = intf
         else:
             params = 'dev %s' % intf
@@ -572,7 +624,7 @@ class Node( object ):
            method: config method name
            param: arg=value (ignore if value=None)
            value may also be list or dict"""
-        name, value = list( param.items() )[ 0 ]
+        name, value = param.items()[ 0 ]
         if value is None:
             return
         f = getattr( self, method, None )
@@ -621,7 +673,7 @@ class Node( object ):
 
     def intfList( self ):
         "List of our interfaces sorted by port number"
-        return [ self.intfs[ p ] for p in sorted( self.intfs.keys() ) ]
+        return [ self.intfs[ p ] for p in sorted( self.intfs.iterkeys() ) ]
 
     def intfNames( self ):
         "The names of our interfaces sorted by port number"
@@ -655,6 +707,8 @@ class Node( object ):
     def setup( cls ):
         "Make sure our class dependencies are available"
         pathCheck( 'mnexec', 'ifconfig', moduleName='Mininet')
+        if '-m:' not in quietRun( 'mnexec -h' ):
+            raise Exception( 'Please update mnexec (e.g. make install)' )
 
 class Host( Node ):
     "A host is simply a Node"
@@ -885,14 +939,14 @@ class Switch( Node ):
         self.dpid = self.defaultDpid( dpid )
         self.opts = opts
         self.listenPort = listenPort
-        if not self.inNamespace:
+        if 'net' not in self.ns:
             self.controlIntf = Intf( 'lo', self, port=0 )
 
     def defaultDpid( self, dpid=None ):
         "Return correctly formatted dpid from dpid or switch name (s1 -> 1)"
         if dpid:
             # Remove any colons and make sure it's a good hex number
-            dpid = dpid.replace( ':', '' )
+            dpid = dpid.translate( None, ':' )
             assert len( dpid ) <= self.dpidLen and int( dpid, 16 ) >= 0
         else:
             # Use hex of the first number in the switch name
@@ -900,7 +954,6 @@ class Switch( Node ):
             if nums:
                 dpid = hex( int( nums[ 0 ] ) )[ 2: ]
             else:
-                self.terminate()  # Python 3.6 crash workaround
                 raise Exception( 'Unable to derive default datapath ID - '
                                  'please either specify a dpid or use a '
                                  'canonical switch name such as s23.' )
@@ -1092,10 +1145,9 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
         version = quietRun( 'ovs-vsctl --version' )
         cls.OVSVersion = findall( r'\d+\.\d+', version )[ 0 ]
 
-    @classmethod
-    def isOldOVS( cls ):
+    def isOldOVS( self ):
         "Is OVS ersion < 1.10?"
-        return ( StrictVersion( cls.OVSVersion ) <
+        return ( StrictVersion( self.OVSVersion ) <
                  StrictVersion( '1.10' ) )
 
     def dpctl( self, *args ):
@@ -1181,7 +1233,7 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
         "Start up a new OVS OpenFlow switch using ovs-vsctl"
         if self.inNamespace:
             raise Exception(
-                'OVS kernel switch does not work in a namespace' )
+                'OVS kernel switch does not work in a network namespace' )
         int( self.dpid, 16 )  # DPID must be a hex string
         # Command to add interfaces
         intfs = ''.join( ' -- add-port %s %s' % ( self, intf ) +
@@ -1244,7 +1296,7 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
             run( cmds, shell=True )
         # Reapply link config if necessary...
         for switch in switches:
-            for intf in switch.intfs.values():
+            for intf in switch.intfs.itervalues():
                 if isinstance( intf, TCIntf ):
                     intf.config( **intf.params )
         return switches
@@ -1270,7 +1322,7 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
         pids = ' '.join( str( switch.pid ) for switch in switches )
         run( 'kill -HUP ' + pids )
         for switch in switches:
-            switch.terminate()
+            switch.shell = None
         return switches
 
 

mininet/nodelib.py

@@ -4,11 +4,14 @@ Node Library for Mininet
 This contains additional Node types which you may find to be useful.
 """
 
-from mininet.node import Node, Switch
+from mininet.node import Node, Host, Switch
 from mininet.log import info, warn
 from mininet.moduledeps import pathCheck
 from mininet.util import quietRun
 
+import re
+from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+
 
 class LinuxBridge( Switch ):
     "Linux Bridge (with optional spanning tree)"
@@ -143,3 +146,85 @@ class NAT( Node ):
         # Put the forwarding state back to what it was
         self.cmd( 'sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=%s' % self.forwardState )
         super( NAT, self ).terminate()
+
+
+class Server( Host ):
+    "Run sshd in a net/mnt/pid/uts namespace, with private /etc/hosts"
+
+    ns = [ 'net', 'mnt', 'pid', 'uts' ]
+    overlayDirs = [ '/etc', '/var/run', '/var/log' ]
+    privateDirs = [ '/var/run/sshd', ]
+
+    def __init__( self, *args, **kwargs ):
+        """Add overlay dirs and private dirs, and change permissions
+           ssh: run sshd? (True)"""
+        kwargs.setdefault( 'inNamespace', True )
+        kwargs.setdefault( 'ns', self.ns )
+        kwargs.setdefault( 'privateDirs', self.privateDirs )
+        kwargs.setdefault( 'overlayDirs', self.overlayDirs )
+        kwargs.setdefault( 'ssh', True )
+        super( Server, self ).__init__( *args, **kwargs )
+        # Change permissions, mainly for ssh
+        for pdir in self.privateDirs:
+            self.cmd( 'chown root:root', pdir )
+            self.cmd( 'chmod 755', pdir )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def updateHostsFiles( servers, tmpdirs=[ '/tmp', '/var/tmp' ] ):
+        """Update local hosts files on a list of servers
+            servers: list of servers
+            tmpdir: tmp dir shared between mn and servers"""
+        # For large configurations it will be more efficient
+        # to use a DNS server
+        hosts = ( '# Mininet hosts file\n'
+                  '127.0.0.1 localhost %s\n' +
+                  ''.join( '%s %s\n' % ( t.IP(), t )
+                            for t in servers ) )
+        for s in servers:
+            dirs = ( getattr( s, 'overlayDirs', [] ) +
+                     getattr( s, 'privateDirs', [] ) )
+            if '/etc' in dirs:
+                tmpdirs = [ d for d in tmpdirs if d not in dirs ]
+                if tmpdirs:
+                    with NamedTemporaryFile( dir=tmpdirs[ 0 ] ) as tmpfile:
+                        tmpfile.write( hosts % s )
+                        tmpfile.flush()
+                        s.cmd( 'cp', tmpfile.name, '/etc/hosts' )
+                else:
+                    warn( 'not updating hosts file on %s\n' % s )
+
+    def service( self, cmd ):
+        """Start or stop a service
+           usage: service( 'ssh stop' )"""
+        self.cmd( '/etc/init.d/%s' % cmd )
+
+    def motd( self ):
+        "Return login message as a string"
+        return 'Welcome to Mininet host %s at %s' % ( self, self.IP() )
+
+    def startSSH( self, motdPath='/var/run/motd.dynamic' ):
+        "Update motd, Clear out utmp/wtmp/btmp, and start sshd"
+        # Note: /var/run and /var/log must be overlays!
+        assert ( '/var/run' in ( self.overlayDirs + self.privateDirs ) and
+                 '/var/log' in ( self.overlayDirs + self.privateDirs ) )
+        self.cmd( "echo  '%s' > %s" % ( self.motd(), motdPath ) )
+        self.cmd( 'truncate -s0 /var/run/utmp /var/log/wtmp* /var/log/btmp*' )
+        # sshd.pid should really be in /var/run/sshd instead of /var/run
+        self.cmd( 'rm /var/run/sshd.pid' )
+        self.cmd( '/etc/init.d/ssh start' )
+
+    def config( self, **kwargs ):
+        """Configure/start sshd and other stuff
+            ssh: start sshd? (True )"""
+        super( Server, self ).config( **kwargs )
+        self.ssh = kwargs.get( 'ssh' )
+        if self.ssh:
+            self.startSSH()
+        if 'uts' in self.ns:
+            self.cmd( 'hostname', self )
+
+    def terminate( self, *args, **kwargs ):
+        "Shut down services and terminate server"
+        if self.ssh:
+            self.service( 'ssh stop' )
+        super( Server, self ).terminate( *args, **kwargs )

mininet/term.py

@@ -5,13 +5,43 @@ Utility functions to run a terminal (connected via socat(1)) on each host.
 Requires socat(1) and xterm(1).
 Optionally uses gnome-terminal.
 """
-
-from os import environ
-
 from mininet.log import error
 from mininet.util import quietRun, errRun
 
-def tunnelX11( node, display=None):
+from os import environ, getpid, path, setsid
+from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
+from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+
+def getAuthX11( display ):
+    "Return X11 credentials for display"
+    host, screen = display.split( ':' )
+    host = host.split( '/' )[ 0 ]
+    hostname = quietRun( 'hostname' ).strip()
+    # First, try hostname:display
+    if host == 'localhost':
+        host = hostname
+    result = quietRun( 'xauth list %s:%s' % ( host, screen ) )
+    # Otherwise, try hostname/unix:display
+    if not result:
+        result = quietRun( 'xauth list %s/unix:%s' % ( host, screen ) )
+    items = result.strip().split()
+    if len( items ) != 3:
+        raise Exception( "getAuthX11: could not fetch credentials for " +
+                         display )
+    return items
+
+# This is tricky with uts and pid namespaces
+# For uts namespaces, we create and use a private $XAUTHORITY
+# and add credentials for the node's hostname.
+# To enable pid namespaces to work, we proxy the X11
+# socket twice using socat - first with a shared socket in /tmp, and
+# second with a TCP listener in the host network  namespace.
+# Note that this will fail if /tmp is not shared - we should
+# probably think about this some more. We could potentially
+# specify a globally shared directory somehow if /tmp is
+# private.
+
+def tunnelX11( node, display=None ):
     """Create an X11 tunnel from node:6000 to the root host
        display: display on root host (optional)
        returns: node $DISPLAY, Popen object for tunnel"""
@@ -28,11 +58,30 @@ def tunnelX11( node, display=None):
         quietRun( 'xhost +si:localuser:root' )
         return display, None
     else:
-        # Create a tunnel for the TCP connection
+        hostname = quietRun( 'hostname' ).strip()
         port = 6000 + int( float( screen ) )
-        connection = r'TCP\:%s\:%s' % ( host, port )
-        cmd = [ "socat", "TCP-LISTEN:%d,fork,reuseaddr" % port,
-                "EXEC:'mnexec -a 1 socat STDIO %s'" % connection ]
+        if 'uts' in node.ns and ( hostname in display or
+                                  'localhost' in display ):
+            # Use private xauth file, and add credentials
+            # for this hostname
+            if not hasattr( node, 'xauthFile' ):
+                node.xauthFile = NamedTemporaryFile()
+            _display, proto, cookie = getAuthX11( display )
+            creds = '%s %s %s' % ( '%s/unix:%s' % ( node.name, screen ),
+                                   proto, cookie )
+            node.cmd( 'export XAUTHORITY=' + node.xauthFile.name )
+            node.cmd( 'xauth -f $XAUTHORITY add ' + creds )
+        # Create a shared unix socket in /tmp
+        # This can conflict if we are running nested Mininet
+        # in a pid namespace, and it will also fail if /tmp is not
+        # shared
+        socket = '/tmp/mininet.x11.%d' % getpid()
+        if not hasattr( tunnelX11, 'socket' ):
+            cmd = ( 'socat unix-listen:%s,fork tcp:localhost:%d' %
+                    ( socket, port  ) ).split()
+            tunnelX11.socket = Popen( cmd )
+        # Create a tunnel for the TCP connection
+        cmd = 'socat tcp-listen:%d,fork,reuseaddr unix:%s' % ( port, socket )
     return 'localhost:' + screen, node.popen( cmd )
 
 def makeTerm( node, title='Node', term='xterm', display=None, cmd='bash'):
@@ -45,8 +94,8 @@ def makeTerm( node, title='Node', term='xterm', display=None, cmd='bash'):
     if not node.inNamespace:
         title += ' (root)'
     cmds = {
-        'xterm': [ 'xterm', '-title', title, '-display' ],
-        'gterm': [ 'gnome-terminal', '--title', title, '--display' ]
+        'xterm': [ 'xterm', '-title', title ],
+        'gterm': [ 'gnome-terminal', '--title', title ]
     }
     if term not in cmds:
         error( 'invalid terminal type: %s' % term )
@@ -54,8 +103,10 @@ def makeTerm( node, title='Node', term='xterm', display=None, cmd='bash'):
     display, tunnel = tunnelX11( node, display )
     if display is None:
         return []
-    term = node.popen( cmds[ term ] +
-                       [ display, '-e', 'env TERM=ansi %s' % cmd ] )
+    env = [ 'env', 'TERM=ansi', 'DISPLAY=%s' % display ]
+    if hasattr( node, 'xauthFile' ):
+        env += [ 'XAUTHORITY=%s' % node.xauthFile.name ]
+    term = node.popen( env + cmds[ term ] + [ '-e', cmd ] )
     return [ tunnel, term ] if tunnel else [ term ]
 
 def runX11( node, cmd ):
@@ -68,7 +119,7 @@ def runX11( node, cmd ):
 
 def cleanUpScreens():
     "Remove moldy socat X11 tunnels."
-    errRun( "pkill -9 -f mnexec.*socat" )
+    errRun( "pkill -9 -f socat.*mininet" )
 
 def makeTerms( nodes, title='Node', term='xterm' ):
     """Create terminals.

mininet/test/test_switchdpidassignment.py

@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ class TestSwitchDpidAssignmentOVS( unittest.TestCase ):
     def testDefaultDpid( self ):
         """Verify that the default dpid is assigned using a valid provided
         canonical switchname if no dpid is passed in switch creation."""
-        net = Mininet( Topo(), self.switchClass, Host, Controller )
-        switch = net.addSwitch( 's1' )
+        switch = Mininet( Topo(),
+                          self.switchClass,
+                          Host, Controller ).addSwitch( 's1' )
         self.assertEqual( switch.defaultDpid(), switch.dpid )
-        net.stop()
 
     def dpidFrom( self, num ):
         "Compute default dpid from number"
@@ -44,34 +44,31 @@ class TestSwitchDpidAssignmentOVS( unittest.TestCase ):
         """Verify that Switch dpid is the actual dpid assigned if dpid is
         passed in switch creation."""
         dpid = self.dpidFrom( 0xABCD )
-        net = Mininet( Topo(), self.switchClass, Host, Controller )
-        switch = net.addSwitch( 's1', dpid=dpid )
+        switch = Mininet( Topo(), self.switchClass,
+                          Host, Controller ).addSwitch(
+                            's1', dpid=dpid )
         self.assertEqual( switch.dpid, dpid )
-        net.stop()
 
     def testDefaultDpidAssignmentFailure( self ):
         """Verify that Default dpid assignment raises an Exception if the
         name of the switch does not contin a digit. Also verify the
         exception message."""
-        net = Mininet( Topo(), self.switchClass, Host, Controller )
         with self.assertRaises( Exception ) as raises_cm:
-            net.addSwitch( 'A' )
-        self.assertTrue( 'Unable to derive '
+            Mininet( Topo(), self.switchClass,
+                     Host, Controller ).addSwitch( 'A' )
+        self.assertEqual(raises_cm.exception.message, 'Unable to derive '
                          'default datapath ID - please either specify a dpid '
-                         'or use a canonical switch name such as s23.'
-                         in str( raises_cm.exception ) )
-        net.stop()
+                         'or use a canonical switch name such as s23.')
 
     def testDefaultDpidLen( self ):
         """Verify that Default dpid length is 16 characters consisting of
         16 - len(hex of first string of contiguous digits passed in switch
         name) 0's followed by hex of first string of contiguous digits passed
         in switch name."""
-        net = Mininet( Topo(), self.switchClass, Host, Controller )
-        switch = net.addSwitch( 's123' )
-        self.assertEqual( switch.dpid, self.dpidFrom( 123 ) )
-        net.stop()
+        switch = Mininet( Topo(), self.switchClass,
+                          Host, Controller ).addSwitch( 's123' )
 
+        self.assertEqual( switch.dpid, self.dpidFrom( 123 ) )
 
 class OVSUser( OVSSwitch):
     "OVS User Switch convenience class"
@@ -98,4 +95,3 @@ class testSwitchUserspace( TestSwitchDpidAssignmentOVS ):
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     setLogLevel( 'warning' )
     unittest.main()
-    cleanup()

mininet/test/test_walkthrough.py

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ TODO: missing xterm test
 """
 
 import unittest
+import pexpect
 import os
 import re
-from mininet.util import quietRun, pexpect
+from mininet.util import quietRun
 from distutils.version import StrictVersion
 from time import sleep
 
-
 def tsharkVersion():
     "Return tshark version"
     versionStr = quietRun( 'tshark -v' )
@@ -95,8 +95,7 @@ class testWalkthrough( unittest.TestCase ):
         p = pexpect.spawn( 'mn' )
         p.expect( self.prompt )
         # Third pattern is a local interface beginning with 'eth' or 'en'
-        interfaces = [ r'h1-eth0[:\s]', r's1-eth1[:\s]',
-                       r'[^-](eth|en)\w*\d[:\s]', r'lo[:\s]',
+        interfaces = [ 'h1-eth0', 's1-eth1', r'[^-](eth|en)\w*\d', 'lo',
                        self.prompt ]
         # h1 ifconfig
         p.sendline( 'h1 ifconfig -a' )
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ class testWalkthrough( unittest.TestCase ):
                 ifcount += 1
             else:
                 break
-        self.assertTrue( ifcount <= 3, 'Missing interfaces on s1')
+        self.assertTrue( ifcount >= 3, 'Missing interfaces on s1')
         # h1 ps
         p.sendline( "h1 ps -a | egrep -v 'ps|grep'" )
         p.expect( self.prompt )
@@ -157,13 +156,9 @@ class testWalkthrough( unittest.TestCase ):
 
     def testSimpleHTTP( self ):
         "Start an HTTP server on h1 and wget from h2"
-        if 'Python 2' in quietRun( 'python --version' ):
-            httpserver = 'SimpleHTTPServer'
-        else:
-            httpserver = 'http.server'
         p = pexpect.spawn( 'mn' )
         p.expect( self.prompt )
-        p.sendline( 'h1 python -m %s 80 &' % httpserver )
+        p.sendline( 'h1 python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80 &' )
         # The walkthrough doesn't specify a delay here, and
         # we also don't read the output (also a possible problem),
         # but for now let's wait a couple of seconds to make
@@ -227,8 +222,8 @@ class testWalkthrough( unittest.TestCase ):
         p.expect( r'rtt min/avg/max/mdev = '
                   r'([\d\.]+)/([\d\.]+)/([\d\.]+)/([\d\.]+) ms' )
         delay = float( p.match.group( 2 ) )
-        self.assertTrue( delay >= 40, 'Delay < 40ms' )
-        self.assertTrue( delay <= 50, 'Delay > 50ms' )
+        self.assertTrue( delay > 40, 'Delay < 40ms' )
+        self.assertTrue( delay < 45, 'Delay > 40ms' )
         p.expect( self.prompt )
         p.sendline( 'exit' )
         p.wait()
@@ -265,7 +260,7 @@ class testWalkthrough( unittest.TestCase ):
         p.expect( self.prompt )
         for i in range( 1, 3 ):
             p.sendline( 'h%d ifconfig' % i )
-            p.expect( r'\s00:00:00:00:00:0%d\s' % i )
+            p.expect( 'HWaddr 00:00:00:00:00:0%d' % i )
             p.expect( self.prompt )
         p.sendline( 'exit' )
         p.expect( pexpect.EOF )
@@ -291,9 +286,7 @@ class testWalkthrough( unittest.TestCase ):
         "Test running user switch in its own namespace"
         p = pexpect.spawn( 'mn --innamespace --switch user' )
         p.expect( self.prompt )
-        interfaces = [ r'h1-eth0[:\s]', r's1-eth1[:\s]',
-                       r'[^-](eth|en)\w*\d[:\s]', r'lo[:\s]',
-                       self.prompt ]
+        interfaces = [ 'h1-eth0', 's1-eth1', '[^-]eth0', 'lo', self.prompt ]
         p.sendline( 's1 ifconfig -a' )
         ifcount = 0
         while True:

mininet/topo.py

@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ class MultiGraph( object ):
         return self.node.items() if data else self.node.keys()
 
     def edges_iter( self, data=False, keys=False ):
-        "Iterator: return graph edges, optionally with data and keys"
-        for src, entry in self.edge.items():
-            for dst, entrykeys in entry.items():
+        "Iterator: return graph edges"
+        for src, entry in self.edge.iteritems():
+            for dst, keys in entry.iteritems():
                 if src > dst:
                     # Skip duplicate edges
                     continue
-                for k, attrs in entrykeys.items():
+                for k, attrs in keys.iteritems():
                     if data:
                         if keys:
                             yield( src, dst, k, attrs )

mininet/topolib.py

@@ -45,10 +45,11 @@ class TorusTopo( Topo ):
        without STP turned on! It can be used with STP, e.g.:
        # mn --topo torus,3,3 --switch lxbr,stp=1 --test pingall"""
 
-    def build( self, x, y, n=1 ):
-        """x: dimension of torus in x-direction
-           y: dimension of torus in y-direction
-           n: number of hosts per switch"""
+    def build( self, x, y, n=1, wrap=True ):
+        """x: number of switches per row
+           y: number of rows
+           n: number of hosts per switch
+           wrap: torus rather than grid? (True)"""
         if x < 3 or y < 3:
             raise Exception( 'Please use 3x3 or greater for compatibility '
                              'with 2.1' )
@@ -72,11 +73,33 @@ class TorusTopo( Topo ):
                     self.addLink( host, switch )
         # Connect switches
         for i in range( 0, x ):
-            for j in range( 0, y ):
-                sw1 = switches[ i, j ]
-                sw2 = switches[ i, ( j + 1 ) % y ]
-                sw3 = switches[ ( i + 1 ) % x, j ]
-                self.addLink( sw1, sw2 )
-                self.addLink( sw1, sw3 )
+            for j in range( 0, y):
+                sw = switches[ i, j ]
+                right = switches[ ( i + 1 ) % x, j ]
+                down = switches[ i, ( j + 1 ) % y ]
+                if wrap or i + 1 < x:
+                    self.addLink( sw, right )
+                if wrap or j + 1 < y:
+                    self.addLink( sw, down )
+
+
+class GridTopo( TorusTopo ):
+    """2-D Grid topology
+       WARNING: this topology has LOOPS and WILL NOT WORK
+       with the default controller or any Ethernet bridge
+       without STP turned on! It can be used with STP, e.g.:
+       # mn --topo grid,3,3 --switch lxbr,stp=1 --test pingall"""
+
+    def build( self, x, y, n=1, wrap=False ):
+        """x: number of switches per row
+           y: number of rows
+           n: number of hosts per switch
+           wrap: torus rather than grid (False)"""
+        super( GridTopo, self ).build( x, y, n, wrap )
+
+
+topos = { 'tree': TreeTopo,
+          'torus': TorusTopo,
+          'grid': GridTopo }
 
 # pylint: enable=arguments-differ

mininet/util.py

@@ -12,39 +12,6 @@ from fcntl import fcntl, F_GETFL, F_SETFL
 from os import O_NONBLOCK
 import os
 from functools import partial
-import sys
-
-# Python 2/3 compatibility
-Python3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
-BaseString = str if Python3 else getattr( str, '__base__' )
-Encoding = 'utf-8' if Python3 else None
-def decode( s ):
-    "Decode a byte string if needed for Python 3"
-    return s.decode( Encoding ) if Python3 else s
-def encode( s ):
-    "Encode a byte string if needed for Python 3"
-    return s.encode( Encoding ) if Python3 else s
-try:
-    # pylint: disable=import-error
-    oldpexpect = None
-    import pexpect as oldpexpect
-    # pylint: enable=import-error
-
-    class Pexpect( object ):
-        "Custom pexpect that is compatible with str"
-        @staticmethod
-        def spawn( *args, **kwargs):
-            "pexpect.spawn that is compatible with str"
-            if Python3 and 'encoding' not in kwargs:
-                kwargs.update( encoding='utf-8'  )
-            return oldpexpect.spawn( *args, **kwargs )
-
-        def __getattr__( self, name ):
-            return getattr( oldpexpect, name )
-    pexpect = Pexpect()
-except ImportError:
-    pass
-
 
 # Command execution support
 
@@ -90,7 +57,7 @@ def oldQuietRun( *cmd ):
 # This is a bit complicated, but it enables us to
 # monitor command output as it is happening
 
-# pylint: disable=too-many-branches,too-many-statements
+# pylint: disable=too-many-branches
 def errRun( *cmd, **kwargs ):
     """Run a command and return stdout, stderr and return code
        cmd: string or list of command and args
@@ -131,8 +98,6 @@ def errRun( *cmd, **kwargs ):
             f = fdtofile[ fd ]
             if event & POLLIN:
                 data = f.read( 1024 )
-                if Python3:
-                    data = data.decode( Encoding )
                 if echo:
                     output( data )
                 if f == popen.stdout:
@@ -151,10 +116,6 @@ def errRun( *cmd, **kwargs ):
                 poller.unregister( fd )
 
     returncode = popen.wait()
-    # Python 3 complains if we don't explicitly close these
-    popen.stdout.close()
-    if stderr == PIPE:
-        popen.stderr.close()
     debug( out, err, returncode )
     return out, err, returncode
 # pylint: enable=too-many-branches
@@ -217,18 +178,19 @@ def makeIntfPair( intf1, intf2, addr1=None, addr2=None, node1=None, node2=None,
         runCmd( 'ip link del ' + intf1 )
         runCmd2( 'ip link del ' + intf2 )
     # Create new pair
-    netns = 1 if not node2 else node2.pid
+    ns1 = 1 if not node1 else node1.pid
+    ns2 = 1 if not node2 else node2.pid
     if addr1 is None and addr2 is None:
-        cmdOutput = runCmd( 'ip link add name %s '
+        cmdOutput = runCmd( 'ip link add name %s netns %s '
                             'type veth peer name %s '
-                            'netns %s' % ( intf1, intf2, netns ) )
+                            'netns %s' % ( intf1, ns1, intf2, ns2 ) )
     else:
         cmdOutput = runCmd( 'ip link add name %s '
-                            'address %s '
+                            'address %s netns %s '
                             'type veth peer name %s '
                             'address %s '
                             'netns %s' %
-                            (  intf1, addr1, intf2, addr2, netns ) )
+                            (  intf1, addr1, ns1, intf2, addr2, ns2 ) )
     if cmdOutput:
         raise Exception( "Error creating interface pair (%s,%s): %s " %
                          ( intf1, intf2, cmdOutput ) )
@@ -413,30 +375,30 @@ def pmonitor(popens, timeoutms=500, readline=True,
        terminates: when all EOFs received"""
     poller = poll()
     fdToHost = {}
-    for host, popen in popens.items():
+    for host, popen in popens.iteritems():
         fd = popen.stdout.fileno()
         fdToHost[ fd ] = host
-        poller.register( fd, POLLIN | POLLHUP )
-        flags = fcntl( fd, F_GETFL )
-        fcntl( fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK )
+        poller.register( fd, POLLIN )
+        if not readline:
+            # Use non-blocking reads
+            flags = fcntl( fd, F_GETFL )
+            fcntl( fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK )
     while popens:
         fds = poller.poll( timeoutms )
         if fds:
             for fd, event in fds:
                 host = fdToHost[ fd ]
                 popen = popens[ host ]
-                if event & POLLIN or event & POLLHUP:
-                    while True:
-                        try:
-                            f = popen.stdout
-                            line = decode( f.readline() if readline
-                                           else f.read( readmax ) )
-                        except IOError:
-                            line = ''
-                        if line == '':
-                            break
-                        yield host, line
-                if event & POLLHUP:
+                if event & POLLIN:
+                    if readline:
+                        # Attempt to read a line of output
+                        # This blocks until we receive a newline!
+                        line = popen.stdout.readline()
+                    else:
+                        line = popen.stdout.read( readmax )
+                    yield host, line
+                # Check for EOF
+                elif event & POLLHUP:
                     poller.unregister( fd )
                     del popens[ host ]
         else:
@@ -499,7 +461,7 @@ def fixLimits():
 
 def mountCgroups():
     "Make sure cgroups file system is mounted"
-    mounts = quietRun( 'grep cgroup /proc/mounts' )
+    mounts = quietRun( 'cat /proc/mounts' )
     cgdir = '/sys/fs/cgroup'
     csdir = cgdir + '/cpuset'
     if ('cgroup %s' % cgdir not in mounts and
@@ -547,21 +509,42 @@ def custom( cls, **params ):
     customized.__name__ = 'custom(%s,%s)' % ( cls, params )
     return customized
 
-def splitArgs( argstr ):
-    """Split argument string into usable python arguments
-       argstr: argument string with format fn,arg2,kw1=arg3...
-       returns: fn, args, kwargs"""
-    split = argstr.split( ',' )
-    fn = split[ 0 ]
-    params = split[ 1: ]
+
+
+def parseArgs( argstr ):
+    """Parse argument string
+       returns args, kwargs"""
+    # One step at a time: support param=[a,b,c]
+    paramre = r'\[[^\]]*\]|[^,\[\]]+'
+    paramre = r'\w+=\[[^\]]*\]|\w+\[^,\[\]]+' + paramre
+    params = re.findall( paramre, argstr )
+    # Parse lists
+    for i, arg in enumerate( params ):
+        if arg.startswith( '[' ) and arg.endswith( ']' ):
+            arg = arg[ 1 : -1 ]
+            print "recurse on", arg
+            params[ i ] = parseArgs( args )
     # Convert int and float args; removes the need for function
     # to be flexible with input arg formats.
     args = [ makeNumeric( s ) for s in params if '=' not in s ]
     kwargs = {}
     for s in [ p for p in params if '=' in p ]:
-        key, val = s.split( '=', 1 )
-        kwargs[ key ] = makeNumeric( val )
-    return fn, args, kwargs
+        key, arg = s.split( '=', 1 )
+        if arg.startswith( '[' ) and arg.endswith( ']' ):
+            arg = arg[ 1 : -1 ]
+            print 'recurse on', arg
+            arg = parseArgs( arg )[ 0 ]
+        else:
+            arg = makeNumeric( arg )
+        kwargs[ key ] = arg
+    return args, kwargs
+
+def splitArgs( argstr ):
+    """Split argument string into usable python arguments
+       argstr: argument string with format fn,arg2,kw1=arg3...
+       returns: fn, args, kwargs"""
+    args, kwargs = parseArgs( argstr )
+    return args[ 0 ], args[ 1: ], kwargs
 
 def customClass( classes, argStr ):
     """Return customized class based on argStr
@@ -639,7 +622,7 @@ def waitListening( client=None, server='127.0.0.1', port=80, timeout=None ):
     if not runCmd( 'which telnet' ):
         raise Exception('Could not find telnet' )
     # pylint: disable=maybe-no-member
-    serverIP = server if isinstance( server, BaseString ) else server.IP()
+    serverIP = server if isinstance( server, basestring ) else server.IP()
     cmd = ( 'echo A | telnet -e A %s %s' % ( serverIP, port ) )
     time = 0
     result = runCmd( cmd )

mnexec.c

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  *
  *  - closing all file descriptors except stdin/out/error
  *  - detaching from a controlling tty using setsid
- *  - running in network and mount namespaces
+ *  - running in network and other namespaces
  *  - printing out the pid of a process so we can identify it later
- *  - attaching to a namespace and cgroup
+ *  - attaching to namespace(s) and cgroup
  *  - setting RT scheduling
  *
  * Partially based on public domain setsid(1)
@@ -24,21 +24,29 @@
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
 
 #if !defined(VERSION)
 #define VERSION "(devel)"
 #endif
 
+
 void usage(char *name)
 {
     printf("Execution utility for Mininet\n\n"
-           "Usage: %s [-cdnp] [-a pid] [-g group] [-r rtprio] cmd args...\n\n"
+           "Usage: %s [-cdmnPpu] [-a pid] [-g group] [-r rtprio] cmd args...\n\n"
            "Options:\n"
            "  -c: close all file descriptors except stdin/out/error\n"
            "  -d: detach from tty by calling setsid()\n"
-           "  -n: run in new network and mount namespaces\n"
+           "  -m: run in a new mount namespace\n"
+           "  -n: run in a new network namespace\n"
+           "  -P: run in a new pid namespace (implies -m)\n"
+           "  -u: run in a new UTS (ipc, hostname) namespace\n"
            "  -p: print ^A + pid\n"
-           "  -a pid: attach to pid's network and mount namespaces\n"
+           "  -a pid: attach to pid's namespaces\n"
            "  -g group: add to cgroup\n"
            "  -r rtprio: run with SCHED_RR (usually requires -g)\n"
            "  -v: print version\n",
@@ -46,10 +54,13 @@ void usage(char *name)
 }
 
 
+#if !defined(setns)
 int setns(int fd, int nstype)
 {
     return syscall(__NR_setns, fd, nstype);
 }
+#endif
+
 
 /* Validate alphanumeric path foo1/bar2/baz */
 void validate(char *path)
@@ -63,6 +74,7 @@ void validate(char *path)
     }
 }
 
+
 /* Add our pid to cgroup */
 void cgroup(char *gname)
 {
@@ -92,117 +104,193 @@ void cgroup(char *gname)
     }
 }
 
+
+/* Attach to ns 'name' if present; return 1 if pidns */
+int attachns( pid_t pid, char *name ) {
+    char path[PATH_MAX];
+    int nsid, err;
+    int pidns = 0;
+
+    snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "/proc/%d/ns/%s", pid, name) ;
+
+    if ((nsid = open(path, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
+        return nsid;
+
+    if (strcmp(name, "pid") == 0) {
+        struct stat buf1, buf2;
+        int stat1 = stat(path, &buf1);
+        int stat2 = stat("/proc/self/ns/pid", &buf2);
+        /* Don't reattach to the same pid ns */
+        if (stat1 == 0 && stat2 == 0 &&
+            buf1.st_dev == buf2.st_dev &&
+            buf1.st_ino == buf2.st_ino)
+            return 0;
+        pidns = 1;
+    }
+
+    if ((err = setns(nsid, 0)) < 0) {
+        perror("setns");
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    return pidns;
+}
+
+/* Attach to pid's namespaces - returns 1 if pidns */
+int attach(int pid) {
+
+    char *cwd = get_current_dir_name();
+    char path[PATH_MAX];
+    int pidns = 0;
+
+    attachns(pid, "net");
+    attachns(pid, "uts");
+    if (attachns(pid, "pid") == 1)
+        pidns = 1;
+
+    if (attachns(pid, "mnt") != 0) {
+        /* Plan B: chroot into pid's root file system */
+        sprintf(path, "/proc/%d/root", pid);
+        if (chroot(path) < 0) {
+            perror(path);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* chdir to correct working directory */
+    if (chdir(cwd) != 0)
+        perror(cwd);
+
+    return pidns;
+}
+
+
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
     int c;
-    int fd;
-    char path[PATH_MAX];
-    int nsid;
-    int pid;
-    char *cwd = get_current_dir_name();
 
-    static struct sched_param sp;
-    while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "+cdnpa:g:r:vh")) != -1)
+    /* Argument flags */
+    int flags = 0;
+    int closefds = 0;
+    int attachpid = 0;
+    char *cgrouparg = NULL;
+    int detachtty = 0;
+    int printpid = 0;
+    int rtprio = 0;
+    int pidns = 0;
+    int dofork = 0;
+
+    while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "+cdmnPpa:g:r:uvh")) != -1)
         switch(c) {
-        case 'c':
-            /* close file descriptors except stdin/out/error */
-            for (fd = getdtablesize(); fd > 2; fd--)
-                close(fd);
-            break;
-        case 'd':
-            /* detach from tty */
-            if (getpgrp() == getpid()) {
-                switch(fork()) {
-                    case -1:
-                        perror("fork");
-                        return 1;
-                    case 0:     /* child */
-                        break;
-                    default:    /* parent */
-                        return 0;
-                }
-            }
-            setsid();
-            break;
-        case 'n':
-            /* run in network and mount namespaces */
-            if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNET|CLONE_NEWNS) == -1) {
-                perror("unshare");
-                return 1;
-            }
+            case 'c': closefds = 1; break;
+            case 'd':   detachtty = 1; break;
+            case 'm':   flags |= CLONE_NEWNS; break;
+            case 'n':   flags |= CLONE_NEWNET; break;
+            case 'p':   printpid = 1; break;
+            case 'P':   flags |= CLONE_NEWPID | CLONE_NEWNS; break;
+            case 'a':   attachpid = atoi(optarg);break;
+            case 'g':   cgrouparg = optarg ; break;
+            case 'r':   rtprio = atoi(optarg); break;
+            case 'u':   flags |= CLONE_NEWUTS; break;
+            case 'v':   printf("%s\n", VERSION); exit(0);
+            case 'h':   usage(argv[0]); exit(0);
+            default:    usage(argv[0]); exit(1);
+    }
 
-            /* Mark our whole hierarchy recursively as private, so that our
-             * mounts do not propagate to other processes.
-             */
+    if (closefds) {
+        /* close file descriptors except stdin/out/error */
+        int fd;
+        for (fd = getdtablesize(); fd > 2; fd--) close(fd);
+    }
 
-            if (mount("none", "/", NULL, MS_REC|MS_PRIVATE, NULL) == -1) {
-                perror("remount");
-                return 1;
-            }
-
-            /* mount sysfs to pick up the new network namespace */
-            if (mount("sysfs", "/sys", "sysfs", MS_MGC_VAL, NULL) == -1) {
-                perror("mount");
-                return 1;
-            }
-            break;
-        case 'p':
-            /* print pid */
-            printf("\001%d\n", getpid());
-            fflush(stdout);
-            break;
-        case 'a':
-            /* Attach to pid's network namespace and mount namespace */
-            pid = atoi(optarg);
-            sprintf(path, "/proc/%d/ns/net", pid);
-            nsid = open(path, O_RDONLY);
-            if (nsid < 0) {
-                perror(path);
-                return 1;
-            }
-            if (setns(nsid, 0) != 0) {
-                perror("setns");
-                return 1;
-            }
-            /* Plan A: call setns() to attach to mount namespace */
-            sprintf(path, "/proc/%d/ns/mnt", pid);
-            nsid = open(path, O_RDONLY);
-            if (nsid < 0 || setns(nsid, 0) != 0) {
-                /* Plan B: chroot/chdir into pid's root file system */
-                sprintf(path, "/proc/%d/root", pid);
-                if (chroot(path) < 0) {
-                    perror(path);
-                    return 1;
-                }
-            }
-            /* chdir to correct working directory */
-            if (chdir(cwd) != 0) {
-                perror(cwd);
-                return 1;
-            }
-            break;
-        case 'g':
-            /* Attach to cgroup */
-            cgroup(optarg);
-            break;
-        case 'r':
-            /* Set RT scheduling priority */
-            sp.sched_priority = atoi(optarg);
-            if (sched_setscheduler(getpid(), SCHED_RR, &sp) < 0) {
-                perror("sched_setscheduler");
-                return 1;
-            }
-            break;
-        case 'v':
-            printf("%s\n", VERSION);
-            exit(0);
-        case 'h':
-            usage(argv[0]);
-            exit(0);
-        default:
-            usage(argv[0]);
-            exit(1);
+    if (attachpid)
+        /* Attach to existing namespace(s) */
+        pidns = attach(attachpid);
+    else {
+        /* Create new namespace(s) */
+        if (unshare(flags) == -1) {
+            perror("unshare");
+            return 1;
         }
+    }
+
+    if (flags & CLONE_NEWPID || pidns)
+        /* pidns requires fork/wait; child will be pid 1 */
+        dofork = 1;
+
+    if (detachtty && getpgrp() == getpid())
+        /* Fork so that we will no longer be pgroup leader */
+        dofork = 1;
+    else
+        /* We don't need a new session, only a new pgroup */
+        detachtty = 0;
+
+    if (detachtty)
+        /* Create a new session - and by implication a new process group */
+        setsid();
+    else
+        /* Use a new process group (in the current session)
+         * so Mininet can use killpg without unintended effects */
+        setpgid(0, 0);
+
+    if (dofork) {
+        /* Fork and then wait if necessary */
+        pid_t pid = fork();
+        switch(pid) {
+            int status;
+            case -1:
+                perror("fork");
+                return 1;
+            case 0:
+                /* Child continues below */
+                break;
+            default:
+                /* We print the *child pid* in *parent's pidns* if needed */
+                if (printpid) {
+                    printf("\001%d\n", pid);
+                    fflush(stdout);
+                }
+                /* For pid namespace, we need to fork and wait for child ;-( */
+                if (flags & CLONE_NEWPID || pidns) {
+                     wait(&status);
+                }
+                return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (printpid && !dofork) {
+        /* Print child pid if we didn't fork/aren't in a pidns */
+        assert(!pidns);
+        printf("\001%d\n", getpid());
+        fflush(stdout);
+    }
+
+    if (flags & CLONE_NEWPID) {
+        /* Child remounts /proc for ps */
+        if (mount("proc", "/proc", "proc", MS_MGC_VAL, NULL) == -1) {
+            perror("mountproc");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Attach to cgroup if necessary */
+    if (cgrouparg) cgroup(cgrouparg);
+
+    if (flags & CLONE_NEWNET & CLONE_NEWNS) {
+        /* Mount sysfs to pick up the new network namespace */
+        if (mount("sysfs", "/sys", "sysfs", MS_MGC_VAL, NULL) == -1) {
+            perror("mount");
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (rtprio != 0) {
+        /* Set RT scheduling priority */
+        static struct sched_param sp;
+        sp.sched_priority = atoi(optarg);
+        if (sched_setscheduler(getpid(), SCHED_RR, &sp) < 0) {
+            perror("sched_setscheduler");
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
 
     if (optind < argc) {
         execvp(argv[optind], &argv[optind]);

util/install.sh

@@ -102,14 +102,6 @@ function version_ge {
     [ "$1" == "$latest" ]
 }
 
-# Attempt to identify Python version
-PYTHON=${PYTHON:-python}
-if $PYTHON --version |& grep 'Python 2' > /dev/null; then
-    PYTHON_VERSION=2; PYPKG=python
-else
-    PYTHON_VERSION=3; PYPKG=python3
-fi
-echo "${PYTHON} is version ${PYTHON_VERSION}"
 
 # Kernel Deb pkg to be removed:
 KERNEL_IMAGE_OLD=linux-image-2.6.26-33-generic
@@ -153,20 +145,19 @@ function mn_deps {
         $install gcc make socat psmisc xterm openssh-clients iperf \
             iproute telnet python-setuptools libcgroup-tools \
             ethtool help2man pyflakes pylint python-pep8 python-pexpect
-    elif [ "$DIST" = "SUSE LINUX"  ]; then
+	elif [ "$DIST" = "SUSE LINUX"  ]; then
 		$install gcc make socat psmisc xterm openssh iperf \
-			iproute telnet ${PYPKG}-setuptools libcgroup-tools \
-			ethtool help2man python-pyflakes python3-pylint \
-                        python-pep8 ${PYPKG}-pexpect ${PYPKG}-tk
-    else  # Debian/Ubuntu
+			iproute telnet python-setuptools libcgroup-tools \
+			ethtool help2man python-pyflakes python3-pylint python-pep8 python-pexpect
+    else
         $install gcc make socat psmisc xterm ssh iperf iproute2 telnet \
-                 cgroup-bin ethtool help2man pyflakes pylint pep8 \
-                 ${PYPKG}-setuptools ${PYPKG}-pexpect ${PYPKG}-tk
+            python-setuptools cgroup-bin ethtool help2man \
+            pyflakes pylint pep8 python-pexpect
     fi
 
     echo "Installing Mininet core"
     pushd $MININET_DIR/mininet
-    sudo PYTHON=${PYTHON} make install
+    sudo make install
     popd
 }
 
@@ -213,14 +204,10 @@ function of {
 function of13 {
     echo "Installing OpenFlow 1.3 soft switch implementation..."
     cd $BUILD_DIR/
-    $install git-core autoconf automake autotools-dev pkg-config \
-        make gcc g++ libtool libc6-dev cmake libpcap-dev  \
+    $install  git-core autoconf automake autotools-dev pkg-config \
+        make gcc g++ libtool libc6-dev cmake libpcap-dev libxerces-c2-dev  \
         unzip libpcre3-dev flex bison libboost-dev
-    if [ "$DIST" = "Ubuntu" ] && version_le $RELEASE 16.04; then
-        $install libxerces-c2-dev
-    else
-        $install libxerces-c-dev
-    fi
+
     if [ ! -d "ofsoftswitch13" ]; then
         git clone https://github.com/CPqD/ofsoftswitch13.git
         if [[ -n "$OF13_SWITCH_REV" ]]; then
@@ -231,17 +218,24 @@ function of13 {
     fi
 
     # Install netbee
-    if [ ! -d "netbee" ]; then
-        git clone https://github.com/netgroup-polito/netbee.git
+    if [ "$DIST" = "Ubuntu" ] && version_ge $RELEASE 14.04; then
+        NBEESRC="nbeesrc-feb-24-2015"
+        NBEEDIR="netbee"
+    else
+        NBEESRC="nbeesrc-jan-10-2013"
+        NBEEDIR="nbeesrc-jan-10-2013"
     fi
-    cd netbee/src
+
+    NBEEURL=${NBEEURL:-http://www.nbee.org/download/}
+    wget -nc ${NBEEURL}${NBEESRC}.zip
+    unzip ${NBEESRC}.zip
+    cd ${NBEEDIR}/src
     cmake .
     make
-
-    cd $BUILD_DIR
-    sudo cp netbee/bin/libn*.so /usr/local/lib
+    cd $BUILD_DIR/
+    sudo cp ${NBEEDIR}/bin/libn*.so /usr/local/lib
     sudo ldconfig
-    sudo cp -R netbee/include/ /usr/
+    sudo cp -R ${NBEEDIR}/include/ /usr/
 
     # Resume the install:
     cd $BUILD_DIR/ofsoftswitch13

util/m

@@ -33,12 +33,5 @@ if [ -d "$cgroup" ]; then
   cg="-g $host"
 fi
 
-# Check whether host should be running in a chroot dir
-rootdir="/var/run/mn/$host/root"
-if [ -d $rootdir -a -x $rootdir/bin/bash ]; then
-    cmd="'cd `pwd`; exec $cmd'"
-    cmd="chroot $rootdir /bin/bash -c $cmd"
-fi
-
-cmd="exec sudo mnexec $cg -a $pid $cmd"
+cmd="exec sudo -E mnexec $cg -a $pid $cmd"
 eval $cmd

util/versioncheck.py

@@ -1,19 +1,14 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
 
 from subprocess import check_output as co
-from sys import exit, version_info
-
-def run(*args, **kwargs):
-    "Run co and decode for python3"
-    result = co(*args, **kwargs)
-    return result.decode() if version_info[ 0 ] >= 3 else result
+from sys import exit
 
 # Actually run bin/mn rather than importing via python path
-version = 'Mininet ' + run( 'PYTHONPATH=. bin/mn --version 2>&1', shell=True )
+version = 'Mininet ' + co( 'PYTHONPATH=. bin/mn --version 2>&1', shell=True )
 version = version.strip()
 
 # Find all Mininet path references
-lines = run( "egrep -or 'Mininet [0-9\.\+]+\w*' *", shell=True )
+lines = co( "egrep -or 'Mininet [0-9\.\+]+\w*' *", shell=True )
 
 error = False